State Data on Lower-Income Workers and Exposure to AI

To better understand the possible impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) on the economy, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco published the 2025 research brief “On-the-Job Exposure to AI Among Lower-Income Workers.” Use the interactive tool below to explore data for each state on workers who are relatively more likely to be affected by AI.

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Source: Author analysis of 2023 American Community Survey microdata and Bureau of Labor Statistics O*NET data. For detailed methods, see Kneebone and Holmes (2023), “On-the-Job Exposure to AI Among Lower-Income Workers.”

Note: Given sample size limitations, American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander have been combined with Other for display purposes.

About the data: This analysis uses 2023 American Community Survey microdata and Bureau of Labor Statistics O*NET data to assess exposure to AI on the job—defined as the extent to which tasks important to a job are likely to be aided or replaced by generative AI tools. Paying particular attention to workers in lower-income households, the analysis explores the occupations and industries in which employees with relatively high AI exposure work and how exposure varies across different parts of the country. The analysis finds that lower-income workers with high-AI-exposure jobs (occupations that rank in the top 25% based on the relative importance of high-AI-exposure tasks) are more likely than average to be higher-earning, employed in office and administrative support jobs, and to work in health care and social assistance.

This resource is part of a Community Investments series exploring the ways in which the growing prevalence of artificial intelligence may be impacting economic conditions, especially in low- and moderate-income communities and among community development stakeholders. Gaining greater insight into emerging economic trends through community engagement and analysis—including better understanding the economic experiences of lower-income workers and consumers—contributes to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco’s work to support monetary policy, strengthen financial institutions, and enhance the payments systems.