From early 2021 through early 2024, the U.S. experienced an unprecedented boom in unauthorized immigration, with substantial heterogeneity across local economies. Using administrative microdata, we construct new measures of national and local unauthorized immigration flows and exploit exogenous variation using multiple empirical designs. Unauthorized immigrant worker flows increased local employment approximately one-for-one, with mixed evidence of wage depression. They also raised house prices and rents without expanding housing supply. Finally, these flows reduced labor income per capita and government transfers. These findings help inform debates surrounding how unauthorized immigration impacts labor and housing markets and public finances in the U.S.
Suggested citation:
Wilson, Daniel J. and Xiaoqing Zhou. 2026. “The Impacts of Unauthorized Immigration on U.S. Labor and Housing Markets: New Evidence from Administrative Microdata.” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper 2026-23. https://doi.org/10.24148/wp2026-23