Community Development Innovation Review
April 2013
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Social Impact Bonds: Lessons Learned So Far
Although Pay for Success (PFS) contracts have received widespread attention in the United States and abroad, there is nothing fundamentally new about governments paying for outcomes. Performance clauses in construction contracts are common, and the Department of Defense has procured services using performance-based contracting for years. Many state and local governments now use performance clauses in their procurement of human services, for example by providing bonuses to contractors administering job training programs based upon the number of clients who obtain and/ or retain jobs. What makes recent PFS initiatives distinctive is that they are focused not simply on creating additional financial incentives for contractors to produce better outcomes, but more broadly on overcoming the wide set of barriers that are hindering the pace of social innovation. For sure, these barriers include a lack of performance focus and outcome measurement, but they also include political constraints that prevent government from investing in prevention, the inability of nonprofits to access the capital needed to expand operations, and insufficient capacity to develop rapid and rigorous evidence about what works. In some of these new models, the amount of performance risk shifted from taxpayers to those on the hook for producing the outcomes is much greater than under traditional performance contracts, requiring the participation of socially-minded investors to make the projects feasible.
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Other articles in this issue
Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Banks as Pioneer Investors in Pay for Success Financing
The Real Revolution of Pay for Success: Ending 40 Years of Stagnant Results for Communities
Pay for Success is Not a Panacea
The Promise of Pay for Success
Pay for Success: Understanding the Risk Trade-offs
Learning from the Low Income Housing Tax Credit: Building a New Social Investment Model
Using Social Impact Bonds to Spur Innovation, Knowledge Building, and Accountability
Social Impact Bonds: Using Impact Investment to Expand Effective Social Programs
Innovation Needs Foundation Support: The Case of Social Impact Bonds
Pay for Success: Opportunities and Risks for Nonprofits
Success Begins with a Feasibility Study
Government’s Role in Pay for Success
Rikers Island: The First Social Impact Bond in the United States
Human Capital Performance Bonds
Pay for Success: Building On 25 Years of Experience with the Low Income Housing Tax Credit
Can Pay for Success Reduce Asthma Emergencies and Reset a Broken Health Care System?
Supporting At-Risk Youth: A Provider’s Perspective on Pay for Success
Bringing Success to Scale: Pay for Success and Housing Homeless Individuals in Massachusetts
Making Performance-Based Contracting Work for Kids and Families